Many coaches have embraced the basics of the Constraints-Led Approach (CLA), using simple task modifications to guide skill development. But when working with higher-level players, those foundational constraints may not be enough to drive continued progress. That’s where advanced constraints come in—nuanced tweaks that challenge players to adapt, think critically, and refine their skills under realistic pressures.

Here, we’ll explore three advanced constraint strategies that can elevate your coaching and push your players to new heights.

1. Dynamic Scoring Systems

Why It Works: Adjusting scoring rules shifts players’ focus and encourages strategic thinking. Instead of playing traditional points, create scoring conditions that reward specific behaviors or penalize inefficiencies.

Example:

• In a serve-and-return scenario, award two points for winning the rally with a first serve and one point for winning after a second serve. This constraint reinforces the importance of first-serve effectiveness while encouraging smart risk-taking.

Coaching Tip: Regularly change the scoring conditions based on the skill you’re targeting. For instance, give extra points for winning points within a set number of shots to promote attacking play.

2. Task Constraints: Net Height Adjustments

Why It Works: Altering the net forces players to adjust technique and decision-making in real-time. Adjusting net height, for example, changes the affordances available during rallies.

Example:

• Lowered Net: Promotes aggressive, flatter ball striking, ideal for players working on taking time away from opponents.
• Raised Net: Encourages more height and spin on shots, improving margin for error and emphasizing point construction.

Coaching Tip: Use this approach in both technical and tactical sessions. A raised net can highlight weaknesses in approach shots, while a lowered net can expose limitations in defensive positioning.

3. Task Constraints: Restricted Shot Selection

Why It Works: Limiting shot options pushes players to explore creative solutions and adapt to evolving rally conditions.

Example:

• In baseline rallies, restrict one player to hitting only crosscourt while their opponent can hit anywhere. This constraint enhances awareness, positioning, and anticipation—essential skills for higher-level match play.

Coaching Tip: Gradually lift restrictions as players demonstrate adaptability. For example, allow down-the-line shots only after three consecutive crosscourt exchanges.

Elevate Your Coaching with Advanced Constraints

These advanced constraint strategies challenge players to think, adapt, and perform under conditions that mimic real match pressures. By tweaking scoring rules, modifying the playing environment, and restricting task options, you’ll create practice sessions that truly develop skill mastery.

Want more advanced methods? Check out my full BTCA presentation on YouTube, where I dive deep into advanced constraints and share my approach to developing the serve!